Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, or HFMD, is a contagious viral illness that causes sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. It is most common in infants and young children under age five, though older kids and, rarely, adults can catch it too. HFMD is caused by a group of viruses called enteroviruses, most often coxsackievirus A16, and it spreads easily through close contact, respiratory droplets, and unwashed hands. Because the mouth sores can make eating, drinking, and brushing uncomfortable for a few days, many parents turn to our general family dentistry team with questions about what is normal and when a mouth sore needs a closer look.
HFMD tends to spread more in the summer and fall months in the United States, though it can occur at any time of year. Outbreaks are common in daycares, preschools, and other settings where young children are in close contact.
What Are the Symptoms of HFMD?
Symptoms of HFMD usually begin with a fever, sore throat, poor appetite, or general malaise. A couple of days after the fever starts, kids may develop painful sores in the mouth, often on the tongue, gums, or the insides of the cheeks. A skin rash with red spots may also develop, usually on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and sometimes on the knees, elbows, or diaper area. Some children only develop a rash while others may only have mouth sores, so the presentation can vary from child to child.
How HFMD Mouth Sores Differ From Other Common Sores
Parents often ask how to tell HFMD apart from teething discomfort, canker sores, or a cold sore. A few general differences can help frame that conversation with your pediatrician or our office:
| Condition | Typical Location | Accompanying Signs |
|---|---|---|
| HFMD | Mouth, hands, feet | Fever, sore throat, rash on hands and feet |
| Canker sore | Inside cheeks, lips, tongue | Usually a single sore, no fever or rash |
| Teething discomfort | Gums where a tooth is emerging | Drooling, gum swelling, no rash on hands or feet |
This comparison is general guidance only. Any time you are unsure what is causing your child’s mouth discomfort, a checkup with our team or your pediatrician can help sort it out.
Is HFMD Serious? Should We Be Concerned?
Usually not. Nearly all children recover within seven to ten days without medical treatment, and the illness typically runs its course on its own. Rarely, a child can develop viral meningitis and may need to be hospitalized. Other rare complications of HFMD can include encephalitis, or brain inflammation, which can be serious. If your child has a very high fever, seems unusually lethargic, or is not drinking fluids, contact your pediatrician promptly.
How Can My Child Prevent HFMD?
There is no vaccine to defend against HFMD. However, the risk of your child contracting the disease can be reduced with a few consistent habits.
Wash Hands Often
Have your child wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet and before eating.
Clean Shared Surfaces
Thoroughly clean and disinfect objects and surfaces, including doorknobs, toys, and shared utensils.
Limit Close Contact
Keep your child away from close contact with anyone who is currently infected until symptoms resolve.
Caring for Your Child’s Mouth During and After HFMD
While the mouth sores heal on their own, a few habits can make the days more comfortable and help protect your child’s teeth and gums in the meantime. Offer cool, soft foods and plenty of water, and avoid acidic, spicy, or crunchy foods that can irritate sores. A soft-bristled toothbrush and gentle brushing keep plaque under control without aggravating tender areas, and a bland rinse of warm water can help too. Once your child feels better, resume a normal brushing and flossing routine, and keep up with regular dental checkups so we can make sure everything has healed well.
Have questions about a mouth sore or rash?
Our team is happy to take a look and point you in the right direction.
To learn more about hand-foot-and-mouth disease or to schedule an appointment for your child, please give us a call at our Livingston, New Jersey office.
Frequently Asked Questions About Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
How long is hand-foot-and-mouth disease contagious?
Children are typically most contagious during the first week of illness, while fever and mouth sores are present, though the virus can be present in stool for weeks afterward. Good handwashing during and after recovery helps limit further spread.
Can adults get hand-foot-and-mouth disease?
Adults can contract HFMD, though it is far less common than in infants and young children. Adults who do get infected sometimes have milder or no symptoms but can still spread the virus to others.
When can my child go back to daycare or school after HFMD?
Many schools and daycares ask that a child be fever-free and feeling well before returning, since guidance can vary by facility. Check with your child’s school or pediatrician for their specific return-to-care policy.
What can I give my child for mouth sore pain from HFMD?
Cool, soft foods and plenty of fluids are often the most comforting approach. Ask your pediatrician about appropriate over-the-counter pain relief and any mouth rinses that are safe for your child’s age before trying a new product.
Will HFMD affect my child’s teeth?
HFMD mouth sores typically heal fully within a week to ten days without any lasting effect on the teeth. Keeping up gentle oral hygiene during the illness and a regular routine afterward helps protect your child’s smile.
